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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | Oxen are given the heavy work of pulling the plough, previously done by men | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | The earliest known currency, consisting of gold bars, is in use in Egypt and Mespotamia | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | | Africa south of the equatorial forests is largely inhabited by the Khoisan, of whom the San and the Hottentots are the modern survivors | |
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| c. 1630 BC |
| | | The Hyksos, arriving from the middle east, win control of Egypt and rule for a century | |
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| c. 1275 BC |
| | | An indecisve battle between the Hittites and the Egyptians, at Kadesh, stabilizes the frontier between the two empires | |
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| c. 1200 BC |
| | | Mysterious raiders from the sea cause chaos throughout the eastern Mediterranean, from Greece to Palestine and Egypt | |
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| 612 BC |
| | | The Babylonians defeat an Egyptian army at Carchemish, but do not press on into Egypt | |
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| c. 600 BC |
| | | Phoenicians sail round the Cape of Good Hope and bring back the surprising news that the sun was seen to the north of them | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | Nok terracotta figures, found in modern Nigeria, stand at the beginning of the rich tradition of African sculpture | |
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| from 323 BC |
| | | The spread of Greek rule by Alexander introduces the Hellenistic age, which will last for three centuries | |
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